Constitution of India, 1949
Contents | |
Sections | Particulars |
Preamble | |
Part I | The Union And Its Territory |
1 | Name and territory of the Union |
2 | Admission or establishment of new States |
2A | [Repealed] |
3 | Formation of new States and alteration of areas, boundaries or names of existing States |
4 | Laws made under articles 2 and 3 to provide for the amendment of the First and the Fourth Schedules and supplemental, incidental and consequential matters |
Part II | Citizenship |
5 | Citizenship at the commencement of the Constitution |
6 | Rights of citizenship of certain persons who have migrated to India from Pakistan |
7 | Rights of citizenship of certain migrants to Pakistan |
8 | Rights of citizenship of certain persons of Indian origin residing outside India |
9 | Persons voluntarily acquiring citizenship of a foreign State not to be citizens |
10 | Continuance of the rights of citizenship |
11 | Parliament to regulate the right of citizenship by law |
Part III | Fundamental Rights |
General | |
12 | Definition |
13 | Laws inconsistent with or in derogation of the fundamental rights Right of Equality |
14 | Equality before law |
15 | Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth |
16 | Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment |
17 | Abolition of untouchability |
18 | Abolition of titles |
Right to Freedom | |
19 | Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech, etc. |
20 | Protection in respect of conviction for offences |
21 | Protection of life and personal liberty |
22 | Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases |
Right against Exploitation | |
23 | Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labor |
24 | Prohibition of employment of children in factories, etc. |
Right to Freedom of Religion | |
25 | Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion |
26 | Freedom to manage religious affairs |
27 | Freedom as to payment of taxes for promotion of any particular religion |
28 | Freedom as to attendance at religious instruction or religious worship in certain educational institutions |
Cultural and Educational Rights | |
29 | Protection of interests of minorities |
30 | Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions |
31 | [Repealed] |
Saving of certain laws | |
31A | Saving of laws providing for acquisition of estates, etc. |
31B | Validation of certain Acts and Regulations |
31C | Saving of laws giving effect to certain directive principles |
31D | [Repealed] |
Right to Constitutional Remedies | |
32 | Remedies for enforcement of rights conferred by this Part |
32A | [Repealed] |
33 | Power of Parliament to modify the rights conferred by this Part in their application, etc. |
34 | Restriction on rights conferred by this Part while martial law is in force in any area |
35 | Legislation to give effect to the provisions of this Part |
Part IV | Directive Principles Of State Policy |
36 | Definition |
37 | Application of the principles contained in this Part |
38 | State to secure a social order for the promotion of welfare of the people |
39 | Certain principles of policy to be followed by the State |
39A | Equal justice and free legal aid |
40 | Organization of village panchayats |
41 | Right to work, to education and to public assistance in certain cases |
42 | Provision for just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief |
43 | Living wage, etc., for workers |
43A | Participation of workers in management of industries |
44 | Uniform civil code for the citizens |
45 | Provision for free and compulsory education for children |
46 | Promotion of educational and economic interests of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and other weaker sections |
47 | Duty of the State to raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living and to improve public health |
48 | Organization of agriculture and animal husbandry |
48A | Protection and improvement of environment and safeguarding of forests and wild life |
49 | Protection of monuments and places and objects of national importance |
50 | Separation of judiciary from executive |
51 | Promotion of international peace and security |
Part IVA | Fundamental Duties |
51A | Fundamental duties |
Part V | The Union |
Chapter I | The Executive |
The President and Vice-President | |
52 | The President of India |
53 | Executive power of the Union |
54 | Election of President |
55 | Manner of election of President |
56 | Term of office of President |
57 | Eligibility for re-election |
58 | Qualifications for election as President |
59 | Conditions of President�s office |
60 | Oath or affirmation by the President |
61 | Procedure for impeachment of the President |
62 | Time of holding election to fill vacancy in the office of President and the term of office of person elected to fill casual vacancy |
63 | The Vice-President of India |
64 | The Vice-President to be ex-officio Chairman of the Council of States |
65 | The Vice-President to act as President or to discharge his functions during casual vacancies in the office, or during the absence, of President |
66 | Election of Vice-President |
67 | Term of office of Vice-President |
68 | Time of holding election to fill vacancy in the office of Vice-President and the term of office of person elected to fill casual vacancy |
69 | Oath or affirmation by the Vice-President |
70 | Discharge of President�s functions in other contingencies |
71 | Matters relating to, or connected with, the election of a President or Vice-President |
72 | Power of President to grant pardons, etc., and to suspend, remit or commute sentences in certain cases |
73 | Extent of executive power of the Union Council of Ministers |
74 | Council of Ministers to aid and advise President |
75 | Other provisions as to Ministers |
The Attorney-General for India | |
76 | Attorney-General for India |
Conduct of Government Business | |
77 | Conduct of business of the Government of India |
78 | Duties of Prime Minister as respects the furnishing of information to the President, etc. |
Chapter II | Parliament |
General | |
79 | Constitution of Parliament |
80 | Composition of the Council of States |
81 | Composition of the House of the People |
82 | Readjustment after each census |
83 | Duration of Houses of Parliament |
84 | Qualification for membership of Parliament |
85 | Sessions of Parliament, prorogation and dissolution |
86 | Right of President to address and send messages to Houses |
87 | Special address by the President |
88 | Rights of Ministers and Attorney-General as respects Houses Officers of Parliament |
89 | The Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Council of States |
90 | Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the office of Deputy Chairman |
91 | Power of the Deputy Chairman or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Chairman |
92 | The Chairman or the Deputy Chairman not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration |
93 | The Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the House of the People |
94 | Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Speaker and Deputy Speaker |
95 | Power of the Deputy Speaker or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Speaker |
96 | The Speaker or the Deputy Speaker not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration |
97 | Salaries and allowances of the Chairman and Deputy Chairman and the Speaker and Deputy Speaker |
98 | Secretariat of Parliament |
Conduct of Business | |
99 | Oath or affirmation by members |
100 | Voting in Houses, power of Houses to act notwithstanding vacancies and quorum |
Disqualifications of Members | |
101 | Vacation of seats |
102 | Disqualifications for membership |
103 | Decision on questions as to disqualifications of members |
104 | Penalty for sitting and voting before making oath or affirmation under article 99 or when not qualified or when disqualified Powers, Privileges and Immunities of Parliament and its Members |
105 | Powers, privileges, etc. of the Houses of Parliament and of the members and committees thereof |
106 | Salaries and allowances of members |
Legislative Procedure | |
107 | Provisions as to introduction and passing of Bills |
108 | Joint sitting of both Houses in certain cases |
109 | Special procedure in respect of Money Bills |
110 | Definition of Money Bill |
111 | Assent to Bills |
Procedures in Financial Matters | |
112 | Annual financial statement |
113 | Procedure in Parliament with respect to estimates |
114 | Appropriation Bills |
115 | Supplementary, additional or excess grants |
116 | Votes on account, votes of credit and exceptional grants |
117 | Special provisions as to financial Bills |
Procedure Generally | |
118 | Rules of procedure |
119 | Regulation by law of procedure in Parliament in relation to financial business |
120 | Language to be used in Parliament |
121 | Restriction on discussion in Parliament |
122 | Courts not to inquire into proceedings of Parliament |
Chapter III | Legislative Powers Of The President |
123 | Power of President to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Parliament |
Chapter IV | The Union Judiciary |
124 | Establishment and Constitution of Supreme Court |
125 | Salaries, etc., of Judges |
126 | Appointment of acting Chief Justice |
127 | Appointment of ad hoc Judges |
128 | Attendance of retired Judges at sittings of the Supreme Court |
129 | Supreme Court to be a court of record |
130 | Seat of Supreme Court |
131 | Original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court |
131A | [Repealed] |
132 | Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in appeals from High Courts in certain cases |
133 | Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in appeals from High Courts in regard to civil matters |
134 | Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in regard to criminal matters |
134A | Certificate for appeal to the Supreme Court |
135 | Jurisdiction and powers of the Federal Court under existing law to be exercisable by the Supreme Court |
136 | Special leave to appeal by the Supreme Court |
137 | Review of judgments or orders by the Supreme Court |
138 | Enlargement of the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court |
139 | Conferment on the Supreme Court of powers to issue certain writs |
139A | Transfer of certain cases |
140 | Ancillary powers of Supreme Court |
141 | Law declared by Supreme Court to be binding on all courts |
142 | Enforcement of decrees and orders of Supreme Court and orders as to discovery, etc. |
143 | Power of President to consult Supreme Court |
144 | Civil and judicial authorities to act in aid of the Supreme Court |
144A | [Repealed] |
145 | Rules of court, etc. |
146 | Officers and servants and the expenses of the Supreme Court |
147 | Interpretation |
Chapter V | Comptroller And Auditor-General Of India |
148 | Comptroller and Auditor-General of India |
149 | Duties and powers of the Comptroller and Auditor-General |
150 | Form of accounts of the Union and of the States |
151 | Audit reports |
Part VI | The States |
Chapter I | General |
152 | Definition |
Chapter II | The Executive |
The Governor | |
153 | Governors of States |
154 | Executive power of State |
155 | Appointment of Governor |
156 | Term of office of Governor |
157 | Qualifications for appointment as Governor |
158 | Conditions of Governor�s office |
159 | Oath or affirmation by Governor |
160 | Discharge of the functions of the Governor in certain contingencies |
161 | Power of Governor to grant pardons, etc., and to suspend, remit or commute sentences in certain cases |
162 | Extent of executive power of State |
Council of Ministers | |
163 | Council of Ministers to aid and advise Governor |
164 | Other provisions as to Ministers |
The Advocate-General for the State | |
165 | Advocate-General for the State |
Conduct of Government Business | |
166 | Conduct of business of the Government of a State |
167 | Duties of Chief Minister as respects the furnishing of information to Governor, etc. |
Individual officers | |
Chapter III | The State Legislature |
General | |
168 | Constitution of Legislatures in States |
169 | Abolition or creation of Legislative Councils in States |
170 | Composition of the Legislative Assemblies |
171 | Composition of the Legislative Councils |
172 | Duration of State Legislatures |
173 | Qualification for membership of the State Legislature |
174 | Sessions of the State Legislature, prorogation and dissolution |
175 | Right of Governor to address and send messages to the House or Houses |
176 | Special address by the Governor |
177 | Rights of Ministers and Advocate-General as respects the Houses |
Officers of the State Legislature | |
178 | The Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the Legislative Assembly |
179 | Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Speaker and Deputy Speaker |
180 | Power of the Deputy Speaker or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Speaker |
181 | The Speaker or the Deputy Speaker not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration |
182 | The Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Legislative Council |
183 | Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Chairman and Deputy Chairman |
184 | Power of the Deputy Chairman or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Chairman |
185 | The Chairman or the Deputy Chairman not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration |
186 | Salaries and allowances of the Speaker and Deputy Speaker and the Chairman and Deputy Chairman |
187 | Secretariat of State Legislature |
Conduct of Business | |
188 | Oath or affirmation by members |
189 | Voting in Houses, power of Houses to act notwithstanding vacancies and quorum |
Disqualifications of Members | |
190 | Vacation of seats |
191 | Disqualifications for membership |
192 | Decision on questions as to disqualifications of members |
193 | Penalty for sitting and voting before making oath or affirmation under article 188 or when not qualified or when disqualified |
Powers, Privileges and Immunities of State Legislatures and their Members | |
194 | Powers, privileges, etc., of the House of Legislatures and of the members and committees thereof |
195 | Salaries and allowances of members |
Legislative Procedure | |
196 | Provisions as to introduction and passing of Bills |
197 | Restriction on powers of Legislative Council as to Bills other than Money Bills |
198 | Special procedure in respect of Money Bills |
199 | Definition of Money Bills |
200 | Assent to Bills |
Governor�s assent to Bills | |
201 | Bills reserved for consideration |
Procedure in Financial Matters | |
202 | Annual financial statement |
203 | Procedure in Legislature with respect to estimates |
204 | Appropriation Bills |
205 | Supplementary, additional or excess grants |
206 | Votes on account, votes of credit and exceptional grants |
207 | Special provisions as to financial Bills |
Procedure Generally | |
208 | Rules of procedure |
209 | Regulation by law of procedure in the Legislature of the State in relation to financial business |
210 | Language to be used in the Legislature |
211 | Restriction on discussion in the Legislature |
212 | Courts not to inquire into proceedings of the Legislature |
Chapter IV | Legislative Power Of The Governor |
213 | Power of Governor to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Legislature |
Chapter V | The High Courts In The States |
214 | High Courts for States |
215 | High Courts to be courts of record |
216 | Constitution of High Courts |
217 | Appointment and conditions of the office of a Judge of a High Court |
218 | Application of certain provisions relating to Supreme Court to High Courts |
219 | Oath or affirmation by Judges of High Courts |
220 | Restriction on practice after being a permanent Judge |
221 | Salaries etc., of Judges |
222 | Transfer of a Judge from one High Court to another |
223 | Appointment of acting Chief Justice |
224 | Appointment of additional and acting Judges |
224A | Appointment of retired Judges at sittings of High Courts |
225 | Jurisdiction of existing High Courts |
226 | Power of High Courts to issue certain writs |
Students | |
226A | [Repealed] |
227 | Power of superintendence over all courts by the High Court |
228 | Transfer of certain cases to High Court |
228A | [Repealed] |
229 | Officers and servants and the expenses of High Courts |
230 | Extension of jurisdiction of High Courts to Union territories |
231 | Establishment of a common High Court for two or more States |
Chapter VI | Subordinate Courts |
233 | Appointment of district judges |
233A | Validation of appointments of, and judgments, etc., delivered by, certain district judges |
234 | Recruitment of persons other than district judges to the judicial service |
235 | Control over subordinate courts |
236 | Interpretation |
237 | Application of the provisions of this Chapter to certain class or classes of magistrates |
Part VII | [Repealed] |
Part VIII | The Union Territories |
239 | Administration of Union territories |
239A | Creation of local Legislatures or Council of Ministers or both for certain Union territories |
239B | Power of administrator to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Legislature |
240 | Power of President to make regulations for certain Union territories |
241 | High Courts for Union territories |
242 | [Repealed] |
Part IX | The Panchayats |
243 | Definitions |
243A | Gram Sabha |
243B | Constitution of Panchayats |
243C | Composition of Panchayats |
243D | Reservation of seats |
243E | Duration of Panchayats, etc. |
243F | Disqualifications for membership |
243G | Powers, authority and responsibilities of Panchayats |
243H | Powers to impose taxes by, and funds of, the Panchayats |
243I | Constitution of finance Commissions to review financial position |
243J | Audit of accounts of Panchayats |
243K | Elections to the Panchayats |
243L | Application to Union territories |
243M | Part not to apply to certain areas |
243N | Continuance of existing laws and Panchayats |
243O | Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters |
Election process (Gram Panchayats) | |
Part IX A | The Municipalities |
243P | Definitions |
243Q | Constitution of Municipalities |
243R | Composition of Municipalities |
243S | Constitution and composition of wards Committees, etc. |
243T | Reservation of seats |
243U | Duration of Municipalities, etc. |
243V | Disqualifications for membership |
243W | Powers, authority and responsibilities of Municipalities, etc. |
243X | Power to impose taxes by, and funds, of, the Municipalities |
243Y | Finance Commission |
243Z | Audit of accounts of Municipalities |
243ZA | Elections to the Municipalities |
243ZB | Application to Union territories |
243ZC | Part not to apply to certain areas |
243ZD | Committee for district planning |
243ZE | Committee for Metropolitan Planning |
243ZF | Continuance of existing laws and Municipalities |
243ZG | Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters |
Part X | The Scheduled And Tribal Areas |
244 | Administration of Scheduled Areas and Tribal Areas |
244A | Formation of an autonomous State comprising certain tribal areas in Assam and creation of local Legislature or Council of Ministers or both therefor |
Part XI | Relations Between The Union And The States |
Chapter I | Legislative Relations |
Distribution of Legislative Powers | |
245 | Extent of laws made by Parliament and by the Legislatures of States |
246 | Subject-matter of laws made by Parliament and by the Legislatures of States |
247 | Power of Parliament to provide for the establishment of certain additional courts |
248 | Residuary powers of legislation |
249 | Power of Parliament to legislate with respect to a matter in the State List in the national interest |
250 | Power of Parliament to legislate with respect to any matter in the State List if a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation |
251 | Inconsistency between laws made by Parliament under articles 249 and 250 and laws made by the Legislatures of States |
252 | Power of Parliament to legislate for two or more States by consent and adoption of such legislation by any other State |
253 | Legislation for giving effect to international agreements |
254 | Inconsistency between laws made by Parliament and laws made by the Legislatures of States |
255 | Requirements as to recommendations and previous sanctions to be regarded as matters of procedure only |
Chapter II | Administrative Relations |
General | |
256 | Obligation of States and the Union |
257 | Control of the Union over States in certain cases |
257A | [Repealed] |
258 | Power of the Union to confer powers, etc., on States in certain cases |
258A | Power of the States to entrust functions to the Union |
259 | [Repealed] |
260 | Jurisdiction of the Union in relation to territories outside India |
261 | Public acts, records and judicial proceedings |
Disputes relating to Waters | |
262 | Adjudication of disputes relating to waters of inter-State rivers or river valleys |
Co-ordination between States | |
263 | Provisions with respect to an inter-State Council |
Part XII | Finance, Property, Contracts And Suits |
Chapter I | Finance |
General | |
264 | Interpretation |
265 | Taxes not to be imposed save by authority of law |
Fee | |
266 | Consolidated Funds and public accounts of India and of the States |
267 | Contingency Fund |
Distribution of Revenues between the Union and the States | |
268 | Duties levied by the Union but collected and appropriated by the States |
269 | Taxes levied and collected by the Union but assigned to the States |
270 | Taxes levied and distributed between the Union and the States |
271 | Surcharge on certain duties and taxes for purposes of the Union |
272 | Taxes which are levied and collected by the Union and may be distributed between the Union and the States |
273 | Grants in lieu of export duty on jute and jute products |
274 | Prior recommendation of President required to Bills affecting taxation in which States are interested |
275 | Grants from the Union to certain States |
276 | Taxes on professions, trades, callings and employments |
277 | Savings |
278 | [Repealed] |
279 | Calculation of "net proceeds", etc. |
280 | Finance Commission |
281 | Recommendations of the Finance Commission |
Miscellaneous Financial Provisions | |
282 | Expenditure defrayable by the Union or a State out of its revenues |
283 | Custody, etc. of Consolidated Funds, Contingency Funds and moneys credited to the public accounts |
284 | Custody of suitors� deposits and other moneys received by public servants and courts |
285 | Exemption of property of the Union from State taxation |
286 | Restrictions as to imposition of tax on the sale or purchase of goods |
287 | Exemption from taxes on electricity |
288 | Exemption from taxation by States in respect of water or electricity in certain cases |
289 | Exemption of property and income of a State from Union taxation |
290 | Adjustment in respect of certain expenses and pensions |
290A | Annual payment to certain Devaswom Funds |
291 | [Repealed] |
Chapter II | Borrowing |
292 | Borrowing by the Government of India |
293 | Borrowing by States |
Chapter III | Property, Contracts, Rights, Liabilities, Obligations And Suits |
294 | Succession to property, assets, rights, liabilities and obligations in certain cases |
295 | Succession to property, assets, rights, liabilities and obligations in other cases |
296 | Property accruing by escheat or lapse or as bona vacantia |
297 | Things of value within territorial waters or continental shelf and resources of the exclusive economic zone to vest in the Union |
298 | Power to carry on trade, etc. |
299 | Contracts |
300 | Suits and proceedings |
Chapter IV | Right To Property |
300A | Persons not to be deprived of property save by authority of law |
Part XIII | Trade, Commerce And Intercourse Within The Territory Of India |
301 | Freedom of trade, commerce and intercourse |
302 | Power of Parliament to impose restrictions on trade, commerce and intercourse |
303 | Restrictions on the legislative powers of the Union and of the States with regard to trade and commerce |
304 | Restrictions on trade, commerce and intercourse among States Regulation and Prohibition must be distinguished from each other |
305 | Saving of existing laws and laws providing for State monopolies |
306 | [Repealed] |
307 | Appointment of authority for carrying out the purposes of articles 301 to 304 |
Part XIV | Services Under The Union And The States |
Chapter I | Services |
308 | Interpretation |
309 | Recruitment and conditions of service of persons serving the Union or a State |
310 | Tenure of office of persons serving the Union or a State |
311 | Dismissal, removal or reduction in rank of persons employed in civil capacities under the Union or a State |
312 | All-India Services |
312A | Power of Parliament to vary or revoke conditions of service of officers of certain services |
313 | Transitional provisions |
314 | [Repealed] |
Chapter II | Public Service Commission |
315 | Public Service Commissions for the Union and for the States |
316 | Appointment and term of office of members |
317 | Removal and suspension of a member of a Public Service Commission |
318 | Power to make regulations as to conditions of service of members and staff of the Commission |
319 | Prohibition as to the holding of offices by members of Commission on ceasing to be such members |
320 | Functions of Public Service Commissions |
321 | Power to extend functions of Public Service Commissions |
322 | Expenses of Public Service Commission |
323 | Reports of Public Service Commissions |
Part XIVA | Tribunals |
323A | Administrative tribunals |
323B | Tribunals for other matters |
Part XV | Elections |
324 | Superintendence, direction and control of elections to be vested in an Election Commission |
325 | No person to be ineligible for inclusion in, or to claim to be included in a special, electoral roll on grounds of religion, race, caste or sex |
326 | Elections to the House of the People and to the Legislative Assemblies of States to be on the basis of adult suffrage |
327 | Power of Parliament to make provision with respect to elections to Legislatures |
328 | Power of Legislature of a State to make provision with respect to elections to such Legislature |
329 | Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters |
329A | [Repealed] |
Part XVI | Special Provisions Relating To Certain Classes |